The Various Devices Of Communication Systems Information Technology Essay

The Various Devices Of Communication Systems Information Technology Essay Communication devices route and transmit information to various devices, including radio and telephone systems. Communications devices transmit voice and audio signals to telephone and cellular phones, which receive and reconvert the waves back into sound. Transmissions may be wired or wireless, depending on the application. Most telephones are wired, whereas cellular phones use wireless technology. Telephones themselves are communication devices and include a number of components and accessories including adapters, batteries, and electrical elements. Other communication devices commonly used for audio and telephone applications include magnetic receivers, optical interconnects, and switchboards. Magnetic receivers are communication devices that detect the magnetic fields emitted by a transmitter. Optical interconnects transmit information through optical cables, which are capable of higher bandwidth compared to traditional cables. Phone switchboards route communications and add adva nced features to telephone systems. Telephone systems may also employ automated voice answering systems to take messages and provide automated information retrieval requests. These communication devices are commonly used in call centres and for technical support applications. Communication devices also transmit information to radios and pagers. Radios are communication systems that send and/or receive electromagnetic waves and consist of a transmitter, receiver, and antenna. Pagers are electronic communications devices that are used to notify or alert a user. Communication received by pagers may be numeric or alphanumeric, depending on the model and complexity of the device. Other types of communication devices include navigation systems, such as global positioning systems (GPS) instruments and radar systems. GPS communication devices receive satellite communications and use it to provide position information. Radar communication devices use synchronized transmitters and receivers to send radio waves and detect their r eflections from objects, surfaces and sub-surface structures. List of Communication Devices Telephone Component Cellular Phone Radio Radar Systems Phone Switchboard Navigational Instrument Intercoms GPS Devices Automated Answering Devices Hubs and Bridges Routers and Switches Brouters Other Networking devices There are different communication devices such as routers, hub, switches and brides. These devices are required to transmit the data between one computer and another.   Based on the infrastructure of your network, you need to use different devices.   Hub and Switch are the LAN devices and the router is a LAN/WAN device.   These devices provide the medium of sending and receiving the data and connect the LAN and WAN segments of a network.   The other network devices are gateways, CSU/DSU, wireless access points, modems, ISDN adapters, proxy, firewall, multiplexer, digital media receiver, load balancers and the NIC adapter. Each of these devices plays a specific role in a computer network and only the complex and the large network use all these devices.   Being a network engineer or the systems administrator, you need to know the role and features of each device in your network. Hubs Hub is a LAN networking device and every computer in an Ethernet based network is directly connected with the hub. All the computers that are connected to the network share the same bandwidth.   When a hub receives the data packets at one of its port, it distributes the data signals to all the ports in a network. When two or more computers try to send the data signals at the same time, a collision occurs and the process is known as Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detection.   Hubs are usually come with the 4, 8, 16 and 24 ports.   In the data communications, a hub is a place for the convergence where data arrives from multiple directions and forward to the multiple directions. The most advanced form of the hub is the intelligent or smart hub that contains the management software which is used to troubleshoot the most common problems. Bridges Bridges are the networking devices that divided up the network into different segments to reduce the amount of traffic on each network.   A bridge blocks and forwards the data packets based on their MAC addressees.   Be blocking the unnecessary traffic to enter the other part of the network segments, it reduces the amount of traffic and the other issues such network congestions and the bottleneck.   There are following three common types of the bridges. Transparent Bridge A Transparent bride is invisible to the other part of the computer network and it performs the functions of blocking and forwarding the data packets based on the MAC addressees.   They are the most popular types of the bridges. Translational Bridge Translation bridges are used to connect the two different networks such as Ethernet and Token Ring. It translates the data and forward to the other network. Source-Route  Bridge Source-Route bridges are designed for the Token Ring networks.   In the Source-Route Bridge, the entire route of the network frame is embedded into the frame. Switches A network switch is a LAN/WAN communication device. It joins the multiple computers together in the LAN and WAN.   In the LAN, the switches do not broadcast the data to all the connected computers like the hub.   Based on the IP/MAC addresses of the computer, a switch sends data only to the destined computer.   Switches operate on the data link and network layers of the OSI layers model.   Different models of the switches support the different number of the connected devices.   In the LAN, switches support 10mbps 10/100 mbps or 100mbps data transmission speed.   A switch conserves the bandwidth and offers the grater performance than the hub. Routers A router is a networking device that is used to connect the two or more logically and physically different networks.   On the internet, the routers plays the functions of sorting and distribution of the data packets based on the IP addresses of the destination router or computer.   Router use the header and forwarding table to choose the best shortest path to transmit the data towards the destination. A router is used to connect the two LANs, two WANs, and LAN with WAN and a LAN with the ISP network. Router uses the ISDN, frame relay, ATM and other communication technologies. A router operates at the network layer of the OSI model. GPS Global positioning system (GPS) instruments and GPS modules are radio-navigational devices that provide accurate position information about objects on Earth, based on information from orbiting satellites. Equipped with rubidium atomic clocks, 24 GPS satellites in high-orbital planes use coarse acquisition (C/A) codes to communicate with GPS ground stations. These Earth-based control segments monitor almanac and ephemeris signals from GPS satellites, and communicate the small corrections that become necessary when there are changes to either a satellites orbit or to Earths ionosphere. By using the information in the almanac and ephemeris signals, GPS receivers can determine the time required to transmit a signal. Because that time is proportional to the distance traveled, GPS modules and devices can determine the arc on which the GPS receiver lies and, therefore, the intersection point and position. Selecting GPS instruments and GPS modules requires an analysis of parameters for produ ct type, performance, power, and connection and communication. Product types include GPS receivers, GPS transmitters, GPS antennas, and GPS data loggers. Performance specifications for GPS receiver modules include the number of channels, frequency range, sensitivity, position accuracy, and time to first fix. Task 2 Leaflet

Chocolate vs. coffee Essay

A. There are many people who drink coffee every day. But do they live a healthy life? One of my relations – my father- is ‚coffee addicted‘. (Almost) Every morning, except of pure water or some fresh juice, he drinks coffee. Also, in every restaurant he goes to the first thing he orders is piccolo coffee with milk. That’s far from enough, don’t you think so? I’m really afraid about his health, especially because he is extreme smoker also. And so I’ll try to persuade at least you, that drinking coffee more then 3 times a day is unbelievably unhealthy. It’s because: B. Coffee is quite popular drink, however. There are further arguments for the coffee, for example it can lower the risk of Parkinson’s disease, diabetes and colon cancer and it prevents cavities. But it’s not a hundred percent sure. The fact is that if you drink more then 3 little cups of coffee per day it is more harmful then healthful. And it’s not healthy to drink coffee if you didn’t reach 18 years, until this age it has only few beneficial effects. But I think its good argument and really supporting fact. I was really surprised and quite shocked when I read the information I found on one webpage: â€Å"People who smoke and are heavy drinkers have less heart disease and liver damage when they regularly consume large amounts of coffee compared to those who don’t, â€Å"(http://men. webmd. com/features/coffee-new-health-food). That was really surprising for me; I never thought that something like this can be true. I’m really delighted to this and I’m happy that something like this was proved. Thanks to this I’ll support my father in drinking of this caffeine drink. There’s also some idea that coffee helps to control attacks of asthma when medication isn’t available. That’s a valid point, but it wasn’t proved yet, so it doesn’t have to be true. Another argument for coffee may be proved by anyone who drinks coffee quite often: Coffee improves our mood. I can prove this also eve I don’t drink coffee very often. And if we won’t drink too much of it, it can give us the appropriate amount of energy we need to finish the project, even we are really tired. To reach these effects, we have to drink 2 cups of coffee at least. C. But even coffee has many effective beneficial effects on our health, chocolate it much better (I think). There are further arguments against coffee, for example, even thought coffee is a drink, you will be even thirstier after drinking it. Chocolate is good for our arteries while coffee (at least the amount of caffeine it contains) damages them. Chocolate contains cocoa flavonoids (natural antioxidants) which keep the blood from making too thick and sticky and raise our good cholesterol, I think this negligible benefit. Some studies shown, that chocolate also lowers person’s blood pressure and so the risk of heart attack and heart diseases decreases. It’s also generally known chocolate helps our body to produce endorphins. The healthiest type of chocolate is dark chocolate. White chocolate is not very healthy at all. And I don’t like it. It tastes like vanilla and in many cases it’s really tasteless. Also milk chocolate isn’t so healthy; even it’s my favorite one. But back, to the dark chocolate. It lowers high blood pressure. Dark chocolate is also essential antioxidant. Studies have shown that milk can interfere with the absorption of vitamins and antioxidants from dark chocolate. D. At the end of this writing my state of view is different in some way, but I always prefer chocolate. But I really didn’t think that coffee has so many beneficial effects and that it’s so helpful. I just thought its only tasty mould. But I found out, it is also quite healthy. But anyway, chocolate is better. It tastes better and it helps us produce endorphins better then coffee. And another benefit is that you can take it anywhere you want. With coffee it’s a little problem. But don’t forget that there is a limit for everything. BIBLIOGRAPHY http://men. webmd. com/features/coffee-new-health-food http://www. webmd. com/diet/news/20030827/dark-chocolate-is-healthy- chocolate http://www. sciencenews. org/articles/20040529/food. asp.

Individualism Vs. Individualism Theory - 1489 Words

Individualism According to Milton Friedman, individualism highlights a persons’ obligation to maximize profit for the owners and stockholders of a company. Any actions the business demonstrates must obey the constraints of the law, â€Å"[restricting] what a business is ethically allowed to do to profit† (Salazar 18). If the behavior of a company does not maximize profit, then the actions are deemed unethical by individualism theory. For an internet database company, any form of a breach can be detrimental. The result of such a disaster can permanently scar the trust from consumers, and tarnish the company name. Postponing the release of information about a breach was an action that an individualist would see as ethical. By not promptly†¦show more content†¦By doing so, the happiness of all beings that could be affected by an action are taken into consideration. A utilitarian would view Yahoo’s case an unethical because of the company’s lack of co nsideration for all stakeholders impacted. Rather than being headstrong over maintaining a steady profit, Yahoo should have been more concerned with the future safety of personal accounts and their information. Instead of revamping security to protect consumers, especially those who fell victim to such a breach, Yahoo continued to mislead users by not releasing any information. Yahoo’s approach to dealing with the problem was a tactic that was only beneficial to one party; stockholders and owners. Utilitarianism is a theory that is â€Å"concerned about the long term costs and benefit of actions† (Salazar 20). If a business’s response to a problem is only short term beneficial, it typically only focuses on one or two parties involved. That is exactly what Yahoo exhibited throughout their handling of the breach. They were only concerned with keeping their stockholders happy, and not the safety and happiness of their consumers as well. If Yahoo’s management wasn’t so short-sighted on how they were going to handle the problem, they may have been more focused on their consumers. By not demonstrating any behavior that seeks to maximize happiness for all beings, a utilitarian would find this case unethical. Kantianism When a case is being observed usingShow MoreRelatedLeadership And Hofstede s Six Dimensions879 Words   |  4 Pagesfields. Hofstede’s six dimensions of national culture are, Power Distance Index (PDI), Individualism vs. Collectivism (IDV), Masculinity vs. Femininity (MAS), Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI), Long Term Orientation vs. Short Term Normative Orientation (LTO) and Indulgence vs. Restraint (IND) and Power Distance Index (PDI). However, to become an effective leader, Power Distance Index (PDI) and Long Term Orientation vs. Short Term Normative Orientation (LTO) is a good combination. Hofstede’s Six DimensionsRead MoreHofstedes Improve Four Dimensions Helping Others1372 Words   |  6 Pagesnot a virtue, not structured activities. In the other side there’re societies with the high uncertainty avoidance characterized for don’t allow changes, established rules, just in necessary cases, experts have the better knowledge. Then is the Individualism vs Group/collectivist orientation, this dimension shows How people distribute their social life, importance of group life, goal achievements thinking in group goals or individual goals, sacrifice. For example societies like China, Japan, and ThailandRead More A Comparison of The Grapes of Wrath and Anthem Essay example914 Words   |  4 Pagescommunalism, as pictured in John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath, and individualism, as portrayed in Ayn Rands Anthem, was played out in their novels, and still continues to this day. Based on Ayn Rands book Anthem, Rand would definitely believe that there is a greater danger involved in communalism than in individualism. The book offers a vision of a distant retrograde future in which the candle is the newest invention; individualism has been completely suppressed; and one of the most commonlyRead MoreCultural Dimensions Of Global Business Communications1644 Words   |  7 Pagesstudying: firstly, I will describe few main points I learned in this module; secondly, I will analysis my virtual team work; and finally, I will show the SMART objective in the future. I have learned three main typically used theories in studying cultures, Hofstede s cultural theory, Trompenaars’ seven dimensions of culture and Hall s cultural model, which can avoid misunderstandings in communication and identify differences between cultures. Hofstede s cultural dimensions is ‘a framework for interculturalRead MoreThe Diverse Nature of Psychology Paper951 Words   |  4 Pagesbeing a collection of individual theories that cover limited aspects of behavior to ultimately bring together one theory. Diversity influences psychology’s major concept by making them more generally related to all cultural backgrounds and individuals. However, the differences between cultures can play a fundamental role in these major concepts and how there interpreted in the cultures. For instance, two concepts too evaluate is collectivism versus individualism that describe enormous differencesRead MoreCultural Differences Are Nuisance At Best And Often A Disaster1544 W ords   |  7 Pagesdeveloped a model that identifies four primary dimensions of differentiate cultures. These include: Uncertainty Avoidance (UA), Masculinity-Femininity (MAS), Individualism-Collectivism (IND), Power and Distance (PD). After a further study of the Asian culture by researcher Michael Bond in 1991, Hofstede added a fifth dimension in his theory, Long- and Short-term time orientation (LTO), also referred to as the Confucian Dynamism. His research has framed how cultural differences can be used in professionalRead MoreThe s Dimensions ( Ind Vs Coll1340 Words   |  6 Pagesdimensions (ind vs coll; pdi; lto) The marketplace is becoming gradually more connected and globalized, resulting in an even greater impact of cultural differences on consumers’ behaviour (Maheswaran Shavitt, 2000). An analysis of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions can provide significant insights into the reasons why distinctive behavioural patterns develop across different cultures. In particular, numerous studies have found a relation between Hofstedes’ dimensions of individualism and collectivismRead MoreHofstedes Culture Dimensions Theory1112 Words   |  5 Pagestheir values and with that he developed an immense database that analyzed the ways cultures differ from one another. Hofstede’s culture dimensions theory consists of six dimensions: power distance index, individualism vs. collectivism, uncertainty avoidance index, masculinity vs. femininity, long-term orientation vs. short-term orientation, and indulgence vs. restraint. Culture is more than one’s heritage; culture determines and justifies a society’s behavior and values. The power distance index (PDI)Read MoreEssay on The United States Culture1208 Words   |  5 Pagesfamous American pizza has its origin from Italy.\ HOFTSEDE CULTURE DIMENSION AND ANALYSIS Hofstedes cultural dimensions theory is a framework for cross-cultural communication. Hofstede developed his original model as a result of using factor analysis to examine the results of a world-wide survey of employee values by IBM in the 1960s and 1970s. The theory was one of the first that could be quantified, and could be used to explain observed differences between cultures. There are mainlyRead MoreImportance of Environment and Context in Effective Communication938 Words   |  4 Pageslargely adopted in comparing the communication styles prevailing in two cultures under analysis. The dimensions are presented below: 1-Collectivism Vs. Individualism: This model shows the relationship between addresser and addressee and determines the degree of closeness of an individual to particular society. In this respect, Hofstede states â€Å"Individualism is characteristic of societies in which the ties between individuals are loose: everyone is expected to look after himself or herself and his or

Reasons Why The Crash Of Wall Street Happened - 1066 Words

This paper will talk about the various reasons why the crash of Wall Street happened; such as the credit boom, buying on margin, and irrational exuberance. Also, mismatch between production and consumption, and the weaknesses of the banking system. The many reasons why the Great Depression occurred but the main ones are from the uneven distribution of income, loss of export sales, and mistakes by the Federal Reserve. This paper will also give examples on how the economic problems in 1929 were similar to the economic problems in 2008 in America. Lastly, this paper will talk about the different lessons learned from the very hard struggle of going through the Great Depression. One of the reasons the crash of Wall street occurred was because of credit boom and buying on margin, these two things were are basically the same thing. Many people thought the stock market would only go up so they would use the bank for credit and loans to purchase stock. Everyone who borrowed money from the ban k had to repay it quickly after the market crash in 1929 because the banks needed money to pay back the money they borrowed from their consumers which they invested in stock. Irrational Exuberance happened when the stock broker questioned the value of the shares. Many stock brokers began to grossly overvalue the shares which had a great effect on the crash of the stock market. Mismatch between production and consumption was occurred when companies made lots of product but the demand was loweredShow MoreRelatedImpact of Great Depression on International Relations in the 1930s771 Words   |  4 PagesImpact of Great Depression on International Relations in the 1930s In the early 1920s the Great Depression hit. The chaos caused by the First World War was the main reason for the Great Depression. The USA had lent large amounts of money to other countries to help with their damages from the war. The loans that the USA made helped the countries to recover trade. Many countries tried to protect their industries by putting taxes on imports. In 1930 USA the biggest tradingRead MoreEssay about The causes and effects of the stock crashes1596 Words   |  7 Pagesas you thought, those were not car or plane or train crashes 75 and 20 years ago. The reasons were different than what you are thinking. The main reasons to lost billions of dollars, lost precious lives and lots of damages to the nation were the Stock Market Crashes. On Thursday October 24, 1929 and on Monday October 19, 1987, there was a crash of stock prices on New York stock Exchange. It was a huge crash of stock prices in a single day. Billions of dollars and a number of precious lives wereRead MoreHow Did the Nazis Become so Popular?1070 Words   |  5 Pagesleadership which brought the Nazis to Power. There are many other reasons why this happened. Hitler had many ideas of how he could fix all that went wrong with Germany. He had answers prepared for everything the Germans asked. Hitler, like most extremists, was filled with prejudices, but his overall hatred was for the Jews. From the beginning of his book to the end, Hitler was sure to blame the Jewish people for everything bad that had happened to Germany. Hitler said that the loss of the First WorldRead More1929 Stock Market Crash1413 Words   |  6 PagesThe 1929 Stock Market Crash In early 1928 the Dow Jones Average went from a low of 191 early in the year, to a high of 300 in December of 1928 and peaked at 381 in September of 1929. (1929Â…) It was anticipated that the increases in earnings and dividends would continue. (1929Â…) The price to earnings ratings rose from 10 to 12 to 20 and higher for the market s favorite stocks. (1929Â…) Observers believed that stock market prices in the first 6 months of 1929 were high, while others saw them toRead More Black Thursday Stock Market Crash1342 Words   |  6 Pagesof Monday, October 21st, 1929, margin calls were heavy and Dutch and German calls came in to sell overnight for the Tuesday morning opening. (1929Â…) On Tuesday morning, out of town banks and corporations called in $150 million of call loans, and Wall Street was in a panic before the New York Stock Exchange opened. (1929Â…) On Thursday, October 24th, 1929, people began to sell their stocks as fast as they could., sell orders flooded mar ket exchanges. (1929Â…) This day became known as Black Thursday. (BlackRead MoreHitlers Rise To Power Essay example1577 Words   |  7 PagesHitlers Rise To Power The reason I have chosen is The Treaty of Versailles. I have chosen this reason because I feel that it played a major part in Hitlers rise to power. I feel there are a number of factors why this helped Hitlers rise to power. The Treaty of Versailles One of the factors of the Treaty of Versailles that helped Hitlers rise to power was the War Guilt clause. This helped Hitler because many Germans resented this clause and he could useRead MoreThe Financial Crisis Of 20081384 Words   |  6 Pagesconsidered the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression. Many areas of the United States suffered. The housing market plummeted and as a result of that, many evictions occurred, as well as foreclosures and unemployment. Leading up to the financial crash, most of the money that was made by investors was based on people speculating on investments like real estate, stocks, debt buying, and complex investment tools instead of actual tangible products that people purchased or needed. There are a numberRead MoreInside Job Documentary1430 Words   |  6 Pagesjob of explaining what happened in a relatively short period of time and in an accessible way. The film also has compelling villains and outrageous behavior that is bound to engage and enrage viewers. It s basically an overview of the financial crisis of recent years, which we are still recovering from. The th esis seems to be that the regulations that were put in place after the Great Depression have been systematically dismantled since the Reagan years (powered by Wall Street lobbyists) which playedRead MoreUnethical Behaviors And Roles Of The Top Financial1623 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract This paper explores the unethical behaviors and roles of the top financial executive’s in house market crash. In 2008, a financial crash down landed at front door of every United States citizens. Bankruptcy of big financial institutions, stock and house markets crashed. These aspects contributed to a global economic financial crisis. This paper hypothesizes that it is the manner in which the top financial executives used greed and fraud to run the United Sates that led the country into aRead More`Hitler Became Chancellor in January 1933 Because He Was Leader of the Most Popular Party in Germany. ` How Far Do You Agree with This Judgement?1563 Words   |  7 Pagesdestroyed by the events that occurred after WWI. However stressing the importance of the bombardment of Nazi propaganda the German people received almost provides an excuse as to why Hitler and the Nazis became so popular. Several historians argue that the Germans were manipulated and taken advantage of; ‘’it could have happened to anybody’’. Prior to the depression the people of Germany were satisfied with their government, mainly because they were going through a period of stability. There was Nazi